In a [recent post](http://www.forbes.com/sites/timothylee/2012/09/08/the-weird-economics-of-utility-networks/), Tim Lee does a good job of explaining why facilities-based competition in broadband is difficult. He writes,
>As Verizon is discovering with its FiOS project, it’s much harder to turn a profit installing the second local loop; both because fewer than 50 percent of customers are likely to take the service, and because competition pushes down margins. And it’s almost impossible to turn a profit providing a third local loop, because fewer than a third of customers are likely to sign up, and even more competition means even thinner margins.
Tim thus concludes that
>the kind of “facilities-based” competition we’re seeing in Kansas City, in which companies build redundant networks that will sit idle most of the time, is extremely wasteful. In a market where every household has n broadband options (each with its own fiber network), only 1/n local loops will be in use at any given time. The larger n is, the more resources are wasted on redundant infrastructure.
I don’t understand that conclusion. You would imagine that redundant infrastructure would be built only if it is profitable to its builder. Tim is right we probably should not expect more than a few competitors, but I don’t see how more than one pipe is necessarily wasteful. If laying down a second set of pipes is profitable, shouldn’t we welcome the competition? The question is whether that second pipe is profitable without government subsidy.
That brings me to a larger point: I think what Tim is missing is what makes Google Fiber so unique. Tim is assuming that all competitors in broadband will make their profits from the subscription fees they collect from subscribers. As we all know, that’s not [how Google tends to operate](http://elidourado.com/blog/theory-of-google/). Google’s primary business model is advertising, and that’s likely from [where they expect their return to come](http://community.nasdaq.com/News/2012-08/google-seeking-more-ad-impressions-with-fast-fiber.aspx?storyid=162788). One of Google Fiber’s price points is [free](http://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/articles/20120726/11200919842/google-fiber-is-official-free-broadband-up-to-5-mbps-pay-symmetrical-1-gbps.shtml), so we might expect greater adoption of the service. That’s disruptive innovation that could sustainably increase competition and bring down prices for consumers–without a government subsidy.
Kansas City sadly gave Google all sorts of subsidies, like free power and rackspace for its servers as [Tim has pointed out](http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/09/how-kansas-city-taxpayers-support-google-fiber/), but it also cut serious red tape. For example, there is no build-out requirement for Google Fiber, a fact [now bemoaned](http://www.wired.com/business/2012/09/google-fiber-digital-divide/) by digital divide activists. Such requirements, I would argue, are the [true cause](http://news.cnet.com/How-to-squelch-growth-of-the-high-speed-Net/2010-1034_3-6106690.html) of the unused and wasteful overbuilding that Tim laments.
So what matters more? The in-kind subsidies or the freedom to build only where it’s profitable? I think that’s the empirical question we’re really arguing about. It’s not a forgone conclusion of broadband economics that [there can be only one](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AoOa-Fz2kw). And do we want to limit competition in part of a municipality in order to achieve equity for the whole? That’s another question over which “original recipe” and bleeding-heart libertarians may have a difference of opinion.
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