Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932)
On Fierce Mobile IT, I’ve posted a detailed analysis of the NTIA’s recent report on government spectrum holdings in the 1755-1850 MHz. range and the possibility of freeing up some or all of it for mobile broadband users.
The report follows from a 2010 White House directive issued shortly after the FCC’s National Broadband Plan was published, in which the FCC raised the alarm of an imminent “spectrum crunch” for mobile users.
By the FCC’s estimates, mobile broadband will need an additional 300 MHz. of spectrum by 2015 and 500 MHz. by 2020, in order to satisfy increases in demand that have only amped up since the report was issued. So far, only a small amount of additional spectrum has been allocated. Increasingly, the FCC appears rudderless in efforts to supply the rest, and to do so in time.
It’s not entirely their fault. At the core of the problem, the FCC is simply not constituted to resolve this increasingly urgent crisis. That’s because, as I write in the article, the management of radio frequencies has entered new and unchartered territory.
For the first time since the FCC and its predecessor agencies began licensing spectrum nearly 100 years ago, there is no unassigned spectrum available, or at least none of which current technology can make effective use.
The spectrum frontier is now closed. But the FCC, as created by Congress, is an agency that only functions at all on the frontier.
So it’s worth remembering what happened a hundred years earlier, when a young historian named Frederick Jackson Turner showed up at the 1893 annual meeting of the American Historical Association to present his paper on “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.”
The meeting took place that year on the grounds of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The weather was unspeakably hot, and Turner’s talk was poorly attended. (The President of the AHA, Henry Adams, was in attendance but appears not to have heard Turner’s talk or ever to have read the paper—he was meditating in the Hall of Turbines, as he wrote in his autobiography, “The Education of Henry Adams,” having a nervous breakdown.) But the paper has had an outsized and long-lasting impact, launching the field of western or frontier history.
Turner’s thesis was simple and unassailable. Citing census data that showed there was no longer a recognizable line of American territory beyond which there was no settlement, Turner declared that by 1890 the frontier had “closed.” The era of seemingly endless supplies of readily-available cheap land, dispensed for free or for nominal cost by the federal government, had come to an end.
For Turner, the history of the west was the history of the American experience. And the defining feature of American life—shaping its laws, customs, culture and economy–had disappeared. A new phase, with new rules, was beginning.
The FCC Only Functions, When it Functions at All, on the Frontier
Our problem, at least, is equally easy to describe. The FCC, as created by Congress, is an agency that only functions, when it functions at all, on the frontier.
All the talk of “spectrum crunch” boils down to a simple but devastating fact: it’s no longer possible to add capacity to existing mobile networks by assigning them unused ranges of radio frequencies. While technology continues to expand the definition of “usable” frequencies, demand for mobile broadband is increasing faster than our ability to create new supply.
We need more spectrum. And the only way to put more spectrum to use for the insatiable demands of mobile consumers is to reallocate spectrum that has already been licensed to someone else.
In the American west, reallocation of land was easy. Land grants were given with full legal title, and holders were under no lasting obligation to use their land for any specific purpose or in any particular way.
The various acts of Congress that authorized the grants were intended to foster important social values—populating the frontier, developing agriculture, compensating freed slaves, building the railroads. But those intentions were never translated into the kind of limited estates that plagued modern Europe after the feudal age came to an end. (For a good example of the mischief a conditional estate can cause hundreds of years later, watch “Downton Abbey.” Watch it even if you don’t want to see an example of inflexible estate law.)
Speculators sold to farmers, farmers to ranchers, ranchers to railroads and miners and oil drillers, and from there to developers of towns and other permanent settlements. The market established the transfer price, and the government stood behind the change of title and its enforcement, where necessary. Which was rarely.
So the closing of the western frontier, while it changed the nature of settlement in the American west, never threatened to bring future development to a screeching halt.
Reallocation Options are Few and Far Between
Unfortunately, spectrum licensing has never followed a property model, even though one was first proposed by Ronald Coase as early as 1959. Under the FCC’s command-and-control model, spectrum assignments have historically been made to foster new technologies or new applications the FCC deems to be of good potential to advance national interests. Spectrum has been licensed, usually at no or nominal cost to the licensor, for particular uses, with special conditions (often unrelated) attached.
In theory, of course, the FCC could begin revoking the licenses of public and private users who aren’t using the spectrum they already have, or who aren’t using it effectively or, to use the legal term of art, “in the public interest.” Legally and politically, however, revoking (or even refusing to renew) licenses is a non-starter.
Consequently, the most disastrous side-effect of the “public interest” approach to licensing has been that when old technologies grow obsolete, there is no efficient way to reclaim the spectrum for new or more valuable uses. The FCC must by law approve any transfer of an existing license on the secondary market, slowing the process at best and creating an opportunity to introduce new criteria and new conditions for the transfer at worst.
Even when the agency approves a transfer, the limitations on use and the existing conditions of the original licensor apply in full force to the new user. That means that specific ranges of spectrum more-or-less arbitrarily set aside for a particular application remains forever set aside for that application, unless and until the FCC undertakes a rulemaking to reassign it.
That also takes time and effort, and offers the chance for new regulatory mischief. (Only since 1999, the FCC has had the power, under limited circumstances, to grant flexible use licenses. The power cannot be applied retroactively to existing licenses.)
With the spectrum frontier closed, mobile broadband providers must find additional capacity from existing license holders. But because of the use restrictions and conditions, the universe of potential acquisition targets immediately and drastically shrinks to those making similar use of their licenses–that is, to current competitors.
So it’s no surprise that since 2005, as mobile use has exploded with the advent of 2G, 3G, and now 4G networks, the FCC has been called upon to approve over a dozen significant transfers within the mobile industry, including Sprint/Nextel, Verizon/Alltel, and Sprint Nextel/Clearwire. Indeed, expanding capacity through merger seemed to be the agency’s preferred solution, and the one that required the least amount of time and effort.
But with the rejection last year of AT&T’s proposed merger with T-Mobile USA, the FCC has signaled that it no longer sees such transactions as a preferred or perhaps even potential avenue for acquiring additional capacity. At least not for AT&T–and perhaps as well for Verizon, which is currently fighting to acquire unused spectrum held by a consortium of cable providers.
What other avenues are left? With the approval of “voluntary incentive auction” legislation earlier this year, the FCC can now begin the process of gently coercing over-the-air television broadcasters to give up some or all of their licensed capacity in exchange for a share of the proceeds of any auctions the agency conducts to repurpose that spectrum for mobile broadband.
(Broadcast television seems the obvious place to start freeing up spectrum. With the transition to digital TV, every station was given a 6 MHz. allocation in the 700 MHz. range. But over-the-air viewership has collapsed to as few as 10% of homes in favor of cable and fiber systems, which today reach nearly every home in the country and offer far greater selection and services. Many local broadcasters remain in business largely through the regulatory arbitrage of the FCC’s retransmission consent and must-carry rules.)
Those auctions will likely take years to complete, however, and the agency and Congress have already fallen out over how and how much the agency can “shape” the outcomes of these future auctions by disqualifying bidders who the agency feels already have too high a concentration of existing licenses.
And it’s far from clear that the broadcasters will be in any hurry to sign up, or that enough of them will to make the auctions worthwhile. Participation is, at least so far, entirely voluntary. Just getting Congress to agree to give the FCC even limited new auction authority took years.
There’s also the possibility of reassigning other kinds of spectrum to mobile use—increasing the pool of usable spectrum allocated to mobile, in other words. That option, however, has also failed to produce results. For example, the FCC initially gave start-up LightSquared a waiver that would allow it to repurpose unused spectrum allocated for satellite use for a new satellite and terrestrial-based LTE network.
But after concerns were raised by the Department of Defense and the GPS device industry about possible interference, the waiver was revoked and the company now stands on the brink of bankruptcy. (Allegations of political favoritism in the granting of the waiver are holding up the nominations of two FCC commissioners.)
So when Dish Networks recently asked for a similar waiver, the agency traded speed and flexibility for the relative safety of full process. The FCC has now published a formal Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to evaluate the request. If the rulemaking is approved, Dish will be able to repurpose satellite spectrum for a terrestrial mobile broadband network (possibly a wholesale network, rather than a new competitor). That, of course, will take time. And given enough time, anything can and will happen.
Finally, there’s the potential to free up unused or underutilized spectrum currently licensed to the federal government, one of the largest holders of usable spectrum and a notoriously poor manager of this valuable resource.
That was the subject of the NTIA’s recent report, which seemed to suggest that the high-priority 1755-1850 MHz. range (internationally targeted for mobile users) could be cleared of government users within ten years—some in five years, and in some cases, with possible sharing of public and private use during a transitional phase.
But as I point out in the article, the details behind that encouraging headline suggest rather that some if not all of the twenty agencies who currently hold some 1,300 assignments in this band are in no hurry to vacate it. Having paid nothing for their allocations and with no option to get future auction proceeds earmarked to their agency, the feds have little incentive to do so. (NTIA can’t make them do much of anything.) The offer to share may in fact be a stalling tactic to ensure they never actually have to vacate the frequencies.
What’s Left? Perhaps Nothing, at Least as Far as the FCC is Concerned
The color-coded map of current assignments is so complicated it can’t actually be read at all except on very large screens. There are currently some 50,000 active licenses. The agency still doesn’t even have a working inventory of them. This is the legacy of the FCC’s command-and-control approach to spectrum allocation over nearly 100 years.
Almost everyone agrees that even with advances in hardware and software that make spectrum usage and sharing more efficient, large quantities of additional spectrum must be allocated soon if we want to keep the mobile ecosystem healthy and the mobile revolution in full and glorious swing.
With the closing of the spectrum frontier, the easy solutions have all been extinguished. And the century-long licensing regime, which tolerated tremendous inefficiency and waste when spectrum was cheap, has left the FCC, the NTIA, the mobile industry and consumers dangerously hamstrung in finding alternative methods to meet demand. Existing spectrum, by and large, can’t be repurposed even when everyone involved wants to do so and where the market would easily catalyze mutually-beneficial transactions.
Given the law as it stands and the FCC’s current policy choices, carriers can’t get spectrum from outside the mobile industry, nor can they get it from their competitors. They can’t get it from the government, and may not be allowed to participate in future auctions of spectrum agonizingly pried loose from broadcasters who aren’t using what they have cost-effectively—assuming those auctions ever take place. They also can’t put up more towers and antennae to make better use of what they have, thanks to the foot-dragging and NIMBY policies of local zoning authorities.
And even when network operators do get more usable spectrum, it comes burdened with inflexible use limits and unrelated conditions that attach like barnacles at every stage of the process—from assignment to auction to transfer—and which require regular reporting, oversight, and supervision by the FCC.
A New Approach to Spectrum Management–Following an Old Model that Worked
The frontier system for spectrum management is hopelessly and dangerously broken. It cannot be repaired. For the mobile broadband economy to continue its remarkable development (one bright spot throughout the sour economy), Congress and the FCC must transition quickly to a new model that makes sense in a world without a spectrum frontier.
That model would look much more like the 19th century system of federal land management than the FCC’s legacy command-and-control system. The new approach would start by taking the FCC out of the middle of every transaction, and leave to the market to determine the best and highest use of our limited range of usable frequencies. It would treat licenses as transferable property, just like federal land grants in the 18th and 19th centuries.
It would leave to the market—with the legal system as backup—to work out problems of interference, just as the common law courts have stood as backup for land disputes.
And it would deal with any genuine problems of over-concentration (that is, those that cause demonstrable harm to consumers) through modern principles of antitrust applied by the Department of Justice, not the squishy and undefined “public interest” non-standard of the FCC. It would correct problems once it was clear the market had failed to do so, not short-circuit the market at the first hint of theoretical trouble. (Hello, net neutrality rules.)
That’s the system, according to Frederick Jackson Turner, that formed American culture and values, shaped American law and provided the fuel to create the engine of capitalism.
For starters.
The Technology Liberation Front is the tech policy blog dedicated to keeping politicians' hands off the 'net and everything else related to technology.